Ministry of National Development had recently set up an online survey, to collate public feedback on pet ownership and stray management policies. If you have not already done so ( in giving your feedback), it’s high time you do so, whether you are a pet lovers or not. At least, the authority would be able to tweak their policies so to protect the innocent animals while making sure all the ‘troublesome’ human-beings happy (Note: I am referring to both pet and non-pet lovers, as I think human beings are always the problematic one, not the animals themselves)

For me, I think the stray issues need to be dealt with a multi-pronged approach;

1. Pet Homing policies to curb the overcrowding situation in the animal shelters.

The HDB policy on pet ownership should be revisited, so that it would be more supportive in homing of medium dogs. In helping to re-home the stray animals which a significant number of them do not meet HDB guidelines, whether it’s an “all inclusive” or “by exception” policy, it will go a long way to address or mitigate the overcrowding challenge that the animal shelters are facing today. This will also give some hope to the poor homeless, abandoned animals as they deserve better than what they are receiving today.

2. AVA policies to protect the puppies who are helplessly mishandled by the unethical pet commercial entities

OK, not all pet shops or farms are unethical. But that does not mean there is none in this “dark” industry as they disregard the welfare of the baby animals. We do not expect any pet commercial entities to run like an animal welfare association. But at minimum they should and must be pet lovers. A pet lover would not have done what some of us had encountered ourselves, which I had recently blogged in a true revelation of a pet warehouse and the feedbacks I had gathered from the like-minded pet lovers.

The authority could do more to keep such irresponsible entities in check. Do not believe on what some of the companies would say in their “PR-tically” right statements, as some of them are just wolf wearing the skin of a sheep. They might project themselves to be animal lovers, but in reality they are just taking the poor animals as a mere commodity.

We need AVA help to weed out such socially irresponsible dog breeders/sellers, so we do not have a situation of animal ill treatment.  We would also be able to minimize the number of stray dogs. Many of these dogs were abandoned partly due to these scrupulous commercial entities. They will hard-sell their “commodities” to potential pet owners who are not ready yet for pets.The end result? Abandoned animals.

3. Educate potential pet owners about the responsibility of being one

The saying goes, it takes two hands to clap, and the stray situation is no different. If all potential pet owners were to do their homework, on what their duties are in owning a pet, then we would know the pet will be in the goods hand of a responsible owner. The unfortunate truth is a lot of potential pet owners do not. They would therefore be easily swayed by the sweet-talk of the sales people, and the cute-innocent look of the puppies. By the time they bring their “toy” back home, they will realize that the life of a pet owner is not as easy as one have made it out to be. Issues of strays and/or mistreatment by pet owners are brewed as a result.

4. Execute, and execute wisely and properly.

With all the policies in place, it’ll be useless if they are not governed or executed well. A case in point is a recent incident involving a restaurant suspected of selling dog meat. The officers made a first trip to the restaurant for preliminary check, and then subsequently made a second trip to the restaurant again to obtain meat samples. Perhaps they were just following the protocols, but for heaven sake, exercise some common sense because what they had done was just plain meaningless. The restaurant could have gotten sufficient lead time to cover up their bad deeds, if they were indeed guilty. Do more mystery or surprise audit check on these commercial entities where there’s suspect of cruelty treatment of animals, I am sure one will see a different story, and one that matches the reality.

And it is not just with the authorities that should get their acts together, the society needs to play its part as well. As pet owners, we need to do what is necessary to keep our pets clean and happy, but not forgetting to stay in harmony with our fellow neighbors and friends who may not necessary a pet lover. For non pet lovers, let’s exercise some graciousness, for I am sure there are other things you like to do which others may not. But more importantly, if we all exercise our capability as human being in doing what we can to protect the innocent animals, we would not have seen the proliferation of the “pet warehouse” in the recent years.

So let’s take the first step. Let’s give our feedback to MND

Recently, I have been meddling with Android theme resources to modify the theme for my Android-based Galaxy Tab. It was yet another great learning process,  which involves manipulating the graphic resources, replacing the de-compiled XMLs that control the layouts and styling of the interface, etc. Just as I thought I had enough of them, I fumbled on a theming problem which seemed so impossible to fix. I pinpointed the offending code, created the right “answer” to the problem,  but it just didn’t work!

Almost giving up, I decided to trace the source code of the module. It turns out that the code explicitly sets the color of the text (the theming “bug”), and thus all the layout and style modification attempts would not have any effect at all.

   if (entry.label != null) {

            holder.appName.setText(entry.label);
            holder.appName.setTextColor(getResources().getColorStateList(

            entry.info.enabled ? android.R.color.primary_text_dark : android.R.color.secondary_text_dark));

   }

Instead of going back to source codes for changes, I contemplated reverse-engineering. Thankfully with the help of smali, an assembler/disassembler tool for Android apk,  I could correct the problem on the executable directly. Addictive Tips  gave a good overview of an Android application in ODEX and DEODEX format,

WHAT IS AN ODEX FILE?

In Android file system, applications come in packages with the extension .apk. These application packages, or APKs contain certain .odex files whose supposed function is to save space. These ‘odex’ files are actually collections of parts of an application that are optimized before booting. Doing so speeds up the boot process, as it preloads part of an application. On the other hand, it also makes hacking those applications difficult because a part of the coding has already been extracted to another location before execution.

THEN COMES DEODEX

Deodexing is basically repackaging of these APKs in a certain way, such that they are reassembled intoclasses.dex files. By doing that, all pieces of an application package are put together back in one place, thus eliminating the worry of a modified APK conflicting with some separate odexed parts.

In summary, Deodexed ROMs (or APKs) have all their application packages put back together in one place, allowing for easy modification such as theming. Since no pieces of code are coming from any external location, custom ROMs or APKs are always deodexed to ensure integrity.

So before I could attempt the “hack”, the application must be DEODEX’ed, so that we have the complete executable for disassembly. The executable in Android system is in .dex format, or Dalvik Executable, and is stored as classes.dex within the Android Package (.apk) along with other application resources (graphic resources, layout binaries, etc). I extracted out the classes.dex, and do a disassembly.

java -jar baksmali.jar -o out  classes.dex

This will disassemble the executable classes.dex into assembly codes in the folder named out. This step can be skipped if you have previously used APK Tool to decompile Android package to access to the XML codes. The latter however would not assemble the assembly codes when you compile using the tool, so the subsequent steps would still be required if you have made changes to the assembly code.

In my case, the offending code is ManageApplications$ApplicationsAdapter, and the section of the code matches the

    invoke-virtual {v3, v4}, Landroid/content/res/Resources;->getColorStateList(I)Landroid/content/res/ColorStateList;

    move-result-object v3

    invoke-virtual {v2, v3}, Landroid/widget/TextView;->setTextColor(Landroid/content/res/ColorStateList;)V

I simply commented off the third line in the above section of the code, which effectively eliminates the set color instruction. I proceeded to re-assemble the codes,

 java -jar smali.jar -o  classes.dex  out

The output of the assembler is a modified classes.dex, which I then re-package it to the original APK (Settings.apk).

As mentioned in my previous blog post, I have been experimenting on the Android UI theme work in the last 2 weeks. Last weekend I thought I made the most progress in terms of establishing a deeper understanding of the Android UI framework, and in the process overcame one of the theming roadblock that I have not been able to google a satisfactory answer for.

I have compiled the summary of my theming experiment, and updated that in the previous blog post. In that update, not only I have summarised the key steps to de-compile and re-compile the UI framework, I have also outlined the key components of the de-compiled source where the changes being made and the general effect the change achieved consequently. I could have missed a couple of components, as I did the summary based on my memory re-collection, and as you know, my memory has appeared to be falling lately.

I hope this helps anybody who is interested to theme an Android phone. Feel free to drop your questions or comments if you need help, clarification or correction to what have been shared. I will try my best to answer in the limited capacity I have.

A while back I ventured into kernel programming when I tried to meddle with the kernel for my Samsung Galaxy S.  (although in reality, it’s more of modifying the kernel)  I thought I would have stopped my venturing but I guess (geek) habit dies hard. Having spent some time recently to modify the otherwise boring UI of my Galaxy Tablet, I had thought about doing a write up, on  how Android manages its UI resources, i.e. framework-res.apk.

However, time is not at my end, as recent office workload shifts have basically stolen all my  time from my hobby. So I am just going to share what I have created (only applicable for Samsung Galaxy Tablet), and if there is anybody who want to know I do it, I can always try to capture bits by bits of what I have learnt and share whatever I know.

It took me awhile to figure out the intricacies of the framework-res, so I hope you will appreciate/like the latest work!

The mod can be downloaded from this xda thread. The remaining of this article will be updated as and when I have the time, and questions I get about the resource framework.

Steps to modify Framework-res.apk

1. Decompile the Framework using APKTool.JAR. The command to execute a decompilation is     java -jar apktool.jar d framework-res.apk  <directory-where-decompiled-resources-reside>
   
2. Modify the XML resources and/or replace the PNG resource files as you wish
3. Compile the Framework using APKTool.JAR again. The command to  java -jar apktool.jar b <directory-where-decompiled-resources-reside>
   
4. Once the resource is compiled, the newly compiled APK can be found in the dist folder of the framework-res
5. Before replacing the framework-res.apk in your android device with the newly compiled apk, you need to make sure the newly compiled apk has the META-INF folder and that the AndroidManifest.xml is replaced with the original version. Failure to do so will result in “bootloop”!
6. For other system apps APK (e.g. Settings.apk), the steps are similiar (i.e. step 1 to 4), except that you do the reverse in step 5.  Instead of copying META-INF folder to your newly compiled APK, copy the res folder and file resource.arsc from the newly compiled APK to the source or original APK. Make sure you copy w/o compressing the files/folder  (i.e. using store mode if you are using WinRAR)

Structure of Res folder in Framework-res.apk

Drawable – controls how the graphics should be rendered under event such as an animation

•  progress_horizontal.xml - Modify all the color elements to reflect the progress bar
• stat_sys_battery - Modify the elements to reflect the battery level
• stat_sys_battery - Modify the elements to reflect the animation of the battery

Drawable-hdpi – Replace the PNGs accordingly for the desirable theme look and feel

• btn_check_* – for all check buttons design
• btn_* – for all other type of buttons design
• ic_* – for all icons used in system wide UI such as menu, etc.
• menu_* – for the theme design of the menu
• progressbar_* – to show the indeterminate state of the progress (e.g. in Market, trying to estimate the download size)
• spinner_* – for the animation of the wait cursor
• stat_sys_battery* – for the animation and status of battery level
• stat_sys_* – for icons used in status bar to show status of system services such as signal, wifi, etc
• stat_* – for all the other icons used in the status bar
• statusbar_background.9 – for the background theme of the status bar (it’s a .9 png, which means you need to have 1 px border around the original design)
• status_* – for the interface of the notification window (drop down from the status bar)
• zzzz_quickpanel_brightness* – for the design of the brightness setting in the quick panel
• zzzz_quickpanel_icon* – for the design of the icons on the quick panel shortcuts.

Layout – Controls the layout of the UI controls used in Android system wide.

• preference.xml – Modify the text color of the TextView control, particularly to address the theming needs of the Account Sync screen in “Account & Sync” Settings
• zzzz_quickpanel_brightness_settings.xml – Modify the text color of the CheckBox control

Values – Configures theme setting such as Colors, Styles, etc 

•  Styles.xml – Modify the styles to reflect the black theme
• Theme – “inverse” the color of text
• Theme.Icon – change the color of the divider (set to dark for dark background)
• Widget.IconMenu – change the color of the text
• Widget.TextView.ListSeparator – change the color of the text and background in the separator
• Theme.ExpandedMenu – change the color of the menu in “More”
• textColorTertiary – inverse the color

Structure of Res folder in Settings.apk

Drawable-hdpi – Replace the PNGs accordingly for the desirable theme look and feel 

• ic_settings* – Replace the icons in the setting window according to the desire theme look and feel.
• ic_wifi* – Replace the icons in the wifi setting window according to the desired theme look and feel

Layout – Controls the layout of the UI controls used in Android system wide.

• preference_dialog_brightness.xml – change the color of the text in the dialog box (for brightness, contrast and color density setting dialog box)

Values – Configures theme setting such as Colors, Styles, etc

• style.xml – Modify the whitestyle to use normal or Black theme.

Structure of Res folder in Phone.apk

Values – Configures theme setting such as Colors, Styles, etc

• style.xml – Modify the whitestyle to use normal or Black theme.

Structure of Res folder in AccountAndSyncSettings.apk

Drawable-hdpi – Replace the PNGs accordingly for the desirable theme look and feel

• ic_list* – Replace the icons in the setting window according to the desire theme look and feel.

Layout – Controls the layout of the UI controls used in Android system wide.

• title.xml – change the text color of the Account type and title in “Account Sync Screen”
• account_sync_screen.xml – change the background of the ListView control (background + colorhintcache)

Values – Configures theme setting such as Colors, Styles, etc

• style.xml – Modify the whitestyle to use normal or Black theme.

Green (StarHub) vs Orange (M1)

Despite being a long time customer with StarHub, I have decided to sign up a new line with M1, for my Galaxy Tab. I could have just subscribed a second sim card from StarHub, instead of a second line. But a recent incident with StarHub triggered my resolution to look at other options. Signing up M1 gives me the opportunity to evaluate their mobile services. Having lived with a mediocre mobile broadband service from StarHub, I was looking forward to M1′s offering, after all had been said about their services.

Here is the video of the comparison test. Test was carried out by running the speedtest application. I did not perform practical test such as timing of web page loading so that might be the next thing I could do. The outcome of the test was least surprising; On average, M1′s download/upload speed were rated at 1.7Mbps and 2Mbps respectively. StarHub, on the otherhand, scored a measly speed of 250kbps (download) and 125kbps (upload)!  The result was consistent with my frustrating experience all these years, where I even had to convince Starhub about the poor data coverage in areas where I normally surf using my mobile.

So it is high time we exercise our rights as an informed customer;  No more management escalation or contract termination threats. We have to act on our talk. The message (to the poor performing vendor) could not have been clearer when we bring our business somewhere else. In this case, it’s bye bye to Starhub if they continue to slack and do not buck up. Adios!

I had the opportunity over the weekend to have close look on Galaxy Tab and Desire HD. I will be blogging about these two wonderful gadgets separately, but I did a quick video playback comparison, together with my trusty over-clocked Galaxy S. Here’s the video. Enjoyed!

PS: Please let me know if there is anything else you want to see as comparison between the phones. I will try to incorporate your request where possible.

ZiiO 7" Tablet

Earlier this week, I was privileged to have my hands on Creative ZiiO 7″ tablet, even though it was just a development unit. Given that (that it was just a development unit), the exterior finishing was not expected to be polished. The tablet was however loaded with the latest firmware that would supposedly shipped for production, so the hands on experience will still be close to that of a retail unit.

For a tablet, what draws to one’s attention is usually its form factor and its screen display. Admittedly, the first impression was a mixed feeling. The size of the tablet, defined by a 7″ wide screen, coupled with its all-white outfit, would definitely catch an enthusiast’s attention. This is especially so for somone like me who had already experienced a 6″ Kindle and a 10″ iPad, the two extreme end of a tablet-type devices. Of course, Kindle belongs to a different league altogether, given that it is a dedicated e-reading device. However, the size and weight of these devices should give a tablet-shopping buyer a good reference of what he needs to look out for, for there is no one perfect tablet in the market that fits all the needs.

Holding ZiiO 7" with one hand is convenient

Once ZiiO 7″ catches your attention, the screen display might possibly drops yours. I was definitely disappointed by the screen display, especially after having used to colour vibrancy that Super AMOLED display offers, in my Galaxy S and recently Galaxy Tab. The colour is a little flat, and further impacted by the viewing angle. If there is anyway to describe the visual impact, it feels like a 3M privacy screen filter fitted on it, albeit a little exaggerated. Ziio sports a resistive screen. While it is probably one of the most sensitive resistive screen in the market today, Creative’s decision to stick with it sets me scratching my head given that capacitive screen has becoming a norm these days.  But I was quickly reminded that Ziio 7″ is Creative’s entry model for their Android tablet product line, and costs just 1/3 of Samsung Galaxy Tab’s price tag. Fair enough, but unless you are a budget-conscious shopper, or one who is about to buy the China-made i-Pad lookalikes, wow will be the last thing you would say when you power on the Creative’s ZiiO.

Usability wise, Creative ZiiO is very capable, despite having to navigate over the resistive screen.  The screen was responsive, so were the applications. I was told that ZiiO uses its own processor, ZiiLABS ZMS-08 HD Media-Rich Applications Processor. While I have not benchmarked its processor in the 7″, I tried on ZiiO 10″ which uses the same processor, and the result was astonishingly good, scoring a 3000 over points in CPU. To give some context, my over-clocked Galaxy S could only manage half of what ZiiO has achieved. ZiiO has a stereo speaker, but I could not make out its quality given that I was in a cafeteria at the point of testing ; Just not a conducive environment to test sound quality.

Creative Zii applications

ZiiO is still running the older Android Eclair (2.1) as we speak, even for the retail units. However, I was told that Froyo (2.2) should be released for upgrade very soon.  As I unlocked ZiiO 7″ tablet, I was greeted by Creative’s own simplified lock screen and home launcher. Neat, I told myself. At least the company is going to the right direction in developing its own DNA. On the application front,  Creative have a few customised applications, ZiiMusic, ZiiVideo and ZiiPhoto. Given Creative’s specialty, I have no complaints with their multimedia playback software, although ZiiMusic did hang on me once before I had to reboot the tablet to solve it.

ZiiO's Kindle

Having used Kindle for a while, I naturally tend to compare ZiiO with the former, as an e-reader. ZiiO, with its weight almost twice that of the Kindle 3 (400g vs 241g), definitely feels heavy if one were to read over a prolong period of time. For a quick read, I would think it is definitely capable. What I was impressed is ZiiO’s night mode feature, which not only dim the backlit display, but also also toggle the display foreground and background color, so that the screen would not be too glaring. Although it can’t beat e-ink technology, the night mode feature is the most welcome feature, if you always like to read at night.

In a nut shell, for $359 SGD, I think it gives the China-made A-Pad a run for their money (go support Singapore products!). Looking from another perspective, if you are planning to spend $200-300 for a digital photo frame, grab this Creative ZiiO for its value for money, since it could do what a digital photo frame does, and more. But when pitted side by side with the bigger brothers, I could sense that Creative ZiiO 7″ is shouting out for his super-brother (not ZiiO 10″! fwiw) for reinforcement. I heard it will be coming …

Snap shot video of the hands-on (in a noisy cafeteria)

So I know it is time for me to rekindle my reading hobby (if there was one in the first place ), and Amazon Kindle did that very well for me. As I glance through the range of ebook reader options in the market today, it boils down to whether I would get a dedicated ebook reader, or a computing device with an ebook reader software. The latter has to be a tablet, as I could not imagine anybody reading a book on a laptop or even a netbook, for more than 15 minutes, let alone for an hour.

At the time when I was scouting for a ebook reader, Apple iPad was the only noticeable tablet in the market that got into my eReader shortlist.  Unfortunately, it’s a tad too big (10″ screen), consequently too heavy, to be really relaxing for long reading. The much hype “retina” backlit display, no matter how alluring it is, is just not conducive to my pair of old flowery eyes for reading. Samsung Galaxy Tab, an Android-based tablet, was not available at the point of consideration. Pity as it could make a good eReader option given its light weight and 7″ screen (am going to blog about that soon anyway, so more on that later)  Plus, I thought having an iPad or Galaxy Tab,  would probably end up  me getting distracted into games and net surfing. I don’t need such distraction.

On the other hand, what draws me to dedicated ebook reader, is the adoption of  e-ink technology (watch this video for the feature of e-ink). It is probably the best invention on earth, next to paper and ink. It enables display to look more like printed, physical ink and paper, and easily readable even in direct sunlight. Apart from the missing act of physically flipping a page, reading through a e-ink based digital reader provides the exact same, if not better, experience than reading a hard copy book. The experience is further enhanced by the convenience to shop and read a book anytime, anywhere instantaneously and the ability to annotate, bookmark or share your reading insight through the social networking sites.

With some advice from friends, I eventually bought Amazon Kindle. The first impression I had when I unboxed the Kindle, was how could the screen change as I switched it on. It turned out that I had mistaken the screen display as a sticker label, those overlaying screen cover  you would normally see on  brand new electronic displays. Very deceiving indeed!

After using it for a few days, I can only say the Kindle lives up to its reputation very well! As a matter of fact, I finish 8 chapters of book leisurely while I was in the plane earlier this week. Kindle is so light and with the e-ink display , you don’t feel tired physically (for holding the book) or visually (for staring at the digital screen). I love the bookmark and note feature, as I could highlight section of text, add my comments, and share it via Twitter or Facebook!  Very useful feature for me, because sometimes when you read a book or a news article, you want to share your thoughts with your friends and family members quickly without losing your thoughts. Kindle makes it so simple since everything is in digital form. I also love the ease of  looking up the dictionary for meaning of a word, as I read. It is like carrying and holding two books at one go; one big Oxford dictionary and one reading book.

Yesterday, I dropped by Staple, to have a closer look at other ebook readers. I laid my hands on the new Nook (by Barnes & Noble) and Sony eReader. All I can say I am glad I have made the right choice with Kindle. Nook has a very nice touch colored display at the bottom of the e-ink screen, for navigation control. I find that distracting to be honest and the e-ink display looks wash out when compared side by side with Kindle.  On Sony eReader, it has a touch e-ink screen which is nice but the overall navigation experience feels short of something. In both digital readers, I found the bookmark/notes and dictionary look up features less integrated than the Kindle. Otherwise, it is hard for me to comment any further since my usage on Kindle is preliminary in the first place. I also tried the Kindle DX briefly, a bigger version of Kindle with 9.7″ e-ink screen. The screen proves to be too big for me, although reading a book or magazine with very complicated chart or diagram would be less taxing on the eyes.

In a nutshell, for $139, Kindle is one of the best, if not the best value for money toy I got.  And to wrap it all, the buying and customer support experience with Amazon is just simply amazing. More on that later as well.  For now, it’s back to reading time

儒家文化的细解

儒家文化具体包括“仁、义、礼、智、信、忠、孝、悌、节、恕、勇、让”十二个字，这12个字就是儒家的核心，能真正做到这些就足够了。儒家文化不但不应该被抛弃的，而且应该与时俱进，发展光大。

仁
仁：爱人。孔子思想体系的理论核心。它是孔子社会政治、伦理道德的最高理想和标准，也反映他的哲学观点，对后世影响亦甚深远。仁体现在教育思想和实践上是”有教无类”，春秋时代学在官府，孔子首开私学，弟子不问出身贵贱敏钝，均可来受教。仁体现在政治上是强调”德冶”，德冶的基本精神实质是泛爱众和博施济众，孔子把仁引入礼中，变传统” 礼治”为”德治”，他并没有否定”礼治”，他的”德治”无疑是对”礼治”的继承和改造。爱人既为仁的实质和基本内容，而此种爱人又是推己及人，由亲亲而扩大到泛众。

义
义：原指”宜”，即行为适合于”礼”。孔子以”义”作为评判人们的思想、行为的道德原则。

礼
礼：孔子及儒家的政治与伦理范畴。在长期的历史发展中，”礼”作为中国封建社会的道德规范和生活准则，对中华民族精神素质的培养起了重要作用，但随着社会的变革和发展，特别是封建社会后期，它越来越成为束缚人们思想、行为的绳索，影响了社会的进步和发展。

智
智：同”知”，孔子的认识论和伦理学的基本范畴。指知道、了解、见解、知识、聪明、智慧等。内涵主要涉及知的性质、知的来源、知的内容、知的效果等几方面。关于知的性质，孔子认为，知是一个道德范畴，是一种人的行为规范知识。

信
信：指待人处事的诚实不欺，言行一致的态度。为儒家的”五常”之一。孔子将”信”作为”仁”的重要体现，是贤者必备的品德，凡在言论和行为上做到真实无妄，便能取得他人的信任，当权者讲信用，百姓也会以真情相待而不欺上。

恕
恕：己所不欲，勿施于人，包含有宽恕、容人之意。忠

忠：己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。孔子认为忠乃表现于与人交往中的忠诚老实。

孝
孝：孔子认为孝悌是仁的基础，孝不仅限于对父母的赡养，而应着重对父母和长辈的尊重，认为如缺乏孝敬之心，赡养父母也就视同于饲养犬，乃大逆不孝。孔子还认为父母可能有过失，儿女应该婉言规劝，力求其改正，并非对父母绝对服从。这些思想正是中国古代道德文明的体现。然而孔子论孝，还讲”父母在，不远游”， “三年无改于父之道，可谓孝矣”，表现了其时代的局限性。孝被后世之儒定为繁琐仪式，《礼记》中规定父母死后”水浆不入口，三日不举火”，”哭泣无数”以至”身病体羸”变成精神和肉体的自我摧残。宋明时代把孝道作为道德论中最重要的范畴之一，理学家朱熹提倡父权绝对化。孝观念，在不同历史时期的演变中，剔除宣扬封建主义糟粕外，也有一些合理因素，提倡子女对父母的”尊”、”敬”、”养老”，将孝亲与忠于民族大义相结合，主张死后薄葬节用等。

悌
悌：指对兄长的敬爱之情。孔子非常重视悌的品德，其弟子有若根据他的思想，把悌与孝并称，视之”为仁之本”。

节
气节和节操。1、社会指一个人在政治上、道德上的坚定性。对内，气节表示对一定的政治制度、政治理想和道德理想的坚定信仰。对外，气节则指在国家和民族遭到外敌侵犯时，能挺身而出，以国家民族利益为重，坚持斗争。乃至献出个人生命。《荀子.君子》：“节者，死生此者也。”2、又称“贞节”。为封建时代约束妇女的道德规范。即要求妇女谨守闺门，不与男子接触，婚后要“从一而终”，夫死不得再嫁，要为丈夫终身守节，甚至殉夫。《二程遗书》卷二二下：“然饿死事极小，失节事极大。”鲁迅《坟.我之节烈观》：“我依据以上的事实和理由，要断定节烈这事是：极难，极苦，不愿身受。然而不利自他，无益社会国家，于人生将来又毫无意义的行为，现在已经失了存在的生命和价值。”

恕
中国古代的伦理道德观念。“恕”要求推己及人，自己不想做的事，不强加给别人。在孔子的有关伦理学说中，“忠”与“恕”是并列的。因“恕”而得 “忠”，为“忠”以行“恕”。“忠恕”是实行“仁”的方法，是“仁”的内容。同时又是孔子思想的一贯之道。《论语.里仁》：“子曰：‘参乎！吾道一以贯之。’曾子曰：‘唯！’子出，门人问曰：‘何谓也？’曾子曰：‘夫子之道，忠恕而已矣。’”朱熹集注：“尽己之谓忠，推己之谓恕。而已矣者，竭尽而无余之辞也。”又《卫灵公》：“子贡问曰：‘有”一言而可以终身行之者乎？’子曰：‘其恕乎。己所不欲，勿施于人。’”

勇
儒家的伦理范畴。指果断、勇敢。孔子把“勇”作为施“仁”的条件之一。“勇”必须符合“仁、义、礼、智”，而且不能“疾贫”，才能成其为勇。《论语.宪问》：“仁者必有勇。”又《阳货》：“君子有勇而无义为乱。”又《子罕》：“知者不惑，仁者不忧，勇者不惧。”

让
指谦让、礼让。对人的谦让是中华民族的一种传统美德。《孟子.公孙丑上》：“无恻隐之心，非人也；无羞恶之心，非人也；无辞让之心，非人也；无是非之心，非人也。恻隐之心，仁之端也；羞恶之心，义之端也；辞让之心，礼之端也；是非之心，智之端也。

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